--Reverend Terence E. Tanner, London, 1979
| "Addicts are the scapegoat of our age." --Reverend Terence E. Tanner, London, 1979 |
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Personal Background As I look back
I am amazed at how many ways there are to describe one's life or parts of
it. In this section on Personal Background I will include different
versions of my curriculum vitae as I encounter them. In the initial
edition of this site you will find two versions. Somewhere in my
files I have one of those long traditional vitaes that goes on for pages
and pages as is typical in academia. I hate that long thing and
constantly refuse to finish it. If I can stomach my distaste one of
these days I will finish it and publish it. For the foreseeable
future I will post on the site smaller versions of my life's story so
far. Remember, I'm not done yet.
Well I finally was forced by circumstances to finish a version of my long CV which is the last one in the lineup that follows. Honestly, this took work going through old files because I could not remember many of these events. IN THE
HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE LONDON,
ENGLAND BETWEEN- JOHN PATRICK
HICKEY And THE GENERAL
MEDICAL COUNCIL EXHIBIT "ASTI" THIS IS THE SUMMARY OF PROFESSIONAL AND ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS MARKED EXHIBIT "ASTI" AND REFERRED TO IN THE AFFIDAVIT OF ARNOLD SHEPHERD TREBACH. SUMMARY OF PROFESSIONAL AND ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS ETC OF PROFESSOR ARNOLD S TREBACH 1 . I am Professor Emeritus at the American University in Washington, DC. I am 70 years of age. I am also founder and past president of The Drug Policy Foundation, ("the DPF") which is located in Washington. Late in 1997 I retired from both the University and the Foundation. However, I remain active in the field of drug policy research and reform. My legal studies were undertaken at the New England School of Law in Boston from 1948 to 1951. I was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar in 1951. In the United States this means that I was then licensed to practice law and to represent clients. (Unlike in the United Kingdom, the Bar is not restricted to trial advocates). I practised law for one year and then entered the United States Army for two years. In 1954, I undertook doctoral studies at Princeton University. My doctoral dissertation dealt with injustices in the administration of criminal justice. On the basis of my studies and that scholarly dissertation I was granted the Ph.D degree in 1958. My first book, an expanded version of my doctoral dissertation, was published in 1964 by the Rutgers University Press under the title The Rationing of Justice . From 1960 to 1963 I served as Chief of the Administration of Justice Section, United States Commission on Civil Rights. The commission was an agency within the Executive Office of the President. The function of my section was to investigate and report on significant injustices within the agencies of justice anywhere in the country. In 1964 and 1965 I served as the Chief Consultant on Administration of Justice for the White House Conference on Civil Rights. In 1971 1 joined the faculty of American University as a professor in the Center for the Administration of Justice. I served on the faculty until the end of 1997 when I retired from full-time teaching at the university and was granted the rank of Professor Emeritus. (By the time I retired my teaching unit was known as the Department of Justice, Law and Society). 1.2 My background and experience in the field of comparative drug abuse control and treatment are as follows. I am a researcher, teacher, and policy expert with a special interest in the comparative history of drug control and treatment in the United States, Britain, and other countries. My method of research combines intensive analysis of original documents in medicine, addiction, and law along with interviews with participants in drug treatment and control. I find it particularly important to visit clinics, doctor's surgeries, prisons, police stations, and street drug markets - and to talk to those involved, including addicts. Since I started in the drug field in 1972, among my greatest teachers have been hard-core drug addicts, front-line police officers, and physicians who regularly prescribe powerful drugs, especially narcotics, to the organically ill or the addicted or both. 1.3 I have developed a degree of comparative knowledge about prescribing practices that has resulted in my being called upon to lecture on the subject before medical audiences (for example, Grand Rounds at Harvard Medical School) and before other professional medical organisations. I have also testified before a Congressional Committee on the subject, where I appeared with a panel of leading physicians. From 1985 to 1989, I served as a member of the Working Group on Drugs and Crime of the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1987 I was called upon to advise the defence and to appear as an expert witness before the General Medical Council in the case of Dr Ann Dally. 1.4 I established the Institute on Drugs, Crime and Justice at the American University in 1973. A major function of the institute was to present seminars in England on the comparative operation of the drug control systems in the UK and the US. Because the institute was usually located in the UK for approximately three weeks each time, the greatest emphasis was on the UK, where the participants heard lectures from leading experts and visited many treatment clinics, social service agencies, and government offices. Between 1974 and 1989, I presented ten of these seminars. Appearing were some of the leading drug treatment experts in the country at the time, including among others, Martin Mitcheson, Philip Connell, Thomas Bewley, John McClure, Dale Beckett, Ann Dally and John Marks of Liverpool. Also appearing were addicts, pharmacologists, researchers, police, and government officials. H.B. "Bing" Spear, the Chief Inspector of the Drugs Branch of the Home Office, appeared at all ten of the institutes, in several cases along with some old friends who were long-time injecting heroin addicts receiving regular prescriptions from doctors. Mr Spear was, in my opinion, the heart and soul of the British System. He was also my mentor. His fund of knowledge about drug addiction and treatment was truly remarkable. The institutes were usually based in London but in 1989 approximately ten days were also spent in Liverpool, where the participants were able to examine at close hand the Merseyside harm reduction model. In 1998 I resumed presenting the seminars. I directed the 11th Institute on Drugs, Crime and Justice through the American University June 7-27, 1998. It took place in Amsterdam and London. The coordinator of the Amsterdam program (June 7-16) was Ernst Buning, Director of the Bureau of International Drug Policy, Municipal Health Service, City of Amsterdam. The coordinator of the London program (June 17-27) was Professor Gerry V. Stimson, Director of the Centre for Research on Drugs and Health Behaviour, Imperial College of Medicine. In each city, as in past seminars, there were first-hand reviews of the leading edge of drug treatment, control, and policy development. 1.5 In addition to being the professor, I have also functioned as a student at these Institutes for I listened carefully to the guest speakers, took notes, and wrote about what I saw and heard in periodic articles and books. My first book in the field The Heroin Solution was published by Yale University Press in 1982. A major feature of the book was praise of the British System, especially in comparison with the American. Indeed, the very word "solution" in the title was meant to prod my American countrymen to accept the fact that there was no way that full victory over heroin or any other drug could be achieved. The real heroin solution, in a sense, was acceptance of the enduring presence of heroin and the need to fashion sensible compromises that allowed its use in certain circumstances. I felt that the British were more sensible in the pursuit of those compromises than we Americans. At the same time, I criticised some British methods. The book received excellent reviews around the world, including in the UK. 1.6 My education has also been enriched by study visits to drug clinics, doctor's surgeries, hospitals and research centres in other countries, including my own. My continuing education thus took me to Canada, The Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Israel, the Soviet Union, and Australia. In each of these countries I sought and obtained information about addiction, AIDS, treatment, and control, often from the people most directly involved in dealing with those issues. In each of these countries, save for the Soviet Union and Israel, I personally encountered a number of physicians who believed in and practised medicine along the lines of the Liverpool British System. Indeed, they often mentioned the Merseyside Harm Reduction Model as the new standard for the world. Under a rigorous scientific protocol and with government approval, I have observed that Swiss doctors are now experimenting with long-term maintenance of addicts on heroin, morphine, methadone, and other powerful drugs, often in huge doses. Approximately 1,000 addicts who have failed all other treatment are enrolled. Several of the doctors involved in these Swiss experiments fully support the Liverpool System and go far beyond it in a sense because they are experimenting with allowing addicts to choose both the drug and the dosage, sometimes 1,000 milligrams of injected heroin a day. One tentative result shows that addicts soon voluntarily reduce the dosage. 1.7 In 1986 I founded the Drug Policy Foundation for the purpose of providing a respected national and international forum for exploring alternative policies for dealing with drug problems. DPF is an independent non-profit educational organisation supported wholly by private contributions. A major thrust of the organisation is support of harm reduction or public health approaches to dealing with all aspects of the drug problem. While the organisation supports no single method of dealing with drugs, most of its approximately 20,000 members would probably endorse the so-called British System as it has been implemented in Liverpool. It should be noted that more often this is referred to now as harm reduction or medicalisation. The essence of harm reduction is the reluctant acceptance of the use and abuse of drugs in modern society along with the development of measures to reduce the harm that those drugs cause. Harm reduction also holds that the pursuit of a drug-free society, the declared goal of American drug policy, is impractical and destructive. The harm reduction movement has now spread throughout much of the civilised World. I believe that in many Countries there are thousands of supporters of harm reduction in addition to those who are members of the DPF and many of those supporters are practising doctors. ARNOLD S. TREBACH Chairman and President The Trebach Institute BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Arnold S. Trebach, J.D., Ph.D., is the founder, chairman of the board of directors, and chief executive officer of The Trebach Institute. He has had a long and varied career in the worlds of academia, scholarship, teaching, writing, government service, and business enterprises; thus, he has over the years fought for civil rights, written award-winning books, met numerous payrolls, created and led several nonprofit and for-profit organizations. A particular interest is entrepreneurship, sparking the creative process of giving birth to new, pioneering organizations. In the 1960s he took the lead in creating the University Research Corporation, a profit-making consulting firm which had several nonprofit corporations affiliated with it. URC specialized initially in carrying out government training contracts that sought to lift the poor and minorities out of poverty and crime. During the early 70s, he created The Institutes for Justice Leadership at American University; the institutes provided a mix of practical and theoretical education for professionals involved in the process of criminal justice. He personally led The Institute on Drugs, Crime and Justice, an international seminar on drug treatment and policy, from 1974 to 1998. He founded the nonprofit Drug Policy Foundation in 1986 and served as its first chairman and president until 1997. DPF has been recognized as one of the leading forces for rational drug policy reform in the world. He has been the subject of an international campaign which sought his nomination for a Nobel Peace Prize on the basis of his drug policy reform efforts. Also, he has been called the Father of the Modern Drug Policy Reform Movement and the Shadow Drug Czar, along with some much less favorable appellations by some of those who support the status quo in drug control. He retired from the university, where he now holds the rank of professor emeritus, and also from the foundation at the end of 1997. Shortly thereafter he formally unretired himself so as to recognize the reality that he was continuing to work and also to create new organizations. His books include The Rationing of Justice (Rutgers University Press, 1964), The Heroin Solution (Yale University Press, 1982), The Great Drug War (Macmillan, 1987), and Legalize It? Debating American Drug Policy (American University Press, 1993) which he coauthored with James Inciardi. While serving as Chief, Administration of Justice Section, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, he was the lead author of the 1961 Justice Report of the Commission. The report dealt with police brutality to minorities. It was quoted favorably by the U.S. Supreme Court, but also it earned Dr. Trebach the open enmity of J. Edgar Hoover and rather close attention by several FBI agents. That report contained the strongest criticism of the FBI from within the government while J. Edgar Hoover was alive. Dr. Trebach has edited or coauthored many other books and has published numerous original articles in scholarly journals and the popular press. He has appeared in hundreds of television and radio programs. American University conferred on him its highest award for scholarship for the academic years 1978-79 and 1983-84. He holds a J.D. degree from the New England School of Law (1951) and a Ph.D. in Politics from Princeton University (1958.) Since 1951 he has been a member of the Massachusetts bar. A selection of his past positions include:
President, International Antiprohibitionist League, Brussels, Rome, New York, Washington, D.C., 2001-present
Chief, Administration of Justice Section, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights,
1960-63; Administrator, National Defender Project, National Legal Aid and
Defender Association, 1963-64; Chief Consultant on Administration of
Justice, White House Conference on Civil rights, 1965-66; founder and
President, University Research Corporation, 1965-69; cofounder and
Chairman, National Committee on the Treatment of Intractable Pain,
1977-78; Professor, College of Public Affairs, American University,
1972-1997; member, Working Group on Substance Abuse and Criminality,
National Academy of Sciences, 1986-88; and consultant to the U.S.
Department of Justice, Congress, and other national agencies. He was born on May 15, 1928 in Lowell, Massachusetts, is married to Marjorie A. Rosner, and has three sons and four grandsons.
Curriculum Vitae 2001
Professor Emeritus
Chairman,
President Education Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 1956-1957; Ph.D., received June 1958. (Department of Politics). Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 1954-56, M.A. (Department of Politics). New England School of Law, Boston, Massachusetts, 1948-1951, J.D. (Law). Calvin Coolidge College, Boston, Massachusetts, 1946-1948, A.A. (Social Science).
Honors and Awards Subject of an international campaign to be nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by the International Institute for Resource-sharing on Drugs and Human Rights. 1990-94. Granted The Richard J. Dennis Drugpeace Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Field of Drug Policy Reform by The Drug Policy Foundation. 1999.
Granted the Faculty Award for Outstanding Teaching by the School of Justice and by the College of Public and International Affairs. 1987. Recipient of The American University's Outstanding Scholar Award. 1984 and 1988. Honoree, National Lawyers Guild, 1983. August, 1983. Annual Convention held in Chicago for civil rights work in the South during the Fifties and Sixties. Selected Academic Positions Professor, Department of Justice, Law and Society, The American University. 1972-1997. Member, Provost's Task Force on Alcohol and Substance Abuse, The American University. 1986-87. Acting Director, Center for the Administration of Justice, The American University. 1975-76. Founder and Director, Institute on Drugs, Crime and Justice in England, The American University; ran 11 seminars or institutes in England. 1974 to 1998. Founder and Director, Institutes for Justice Leadership, The American University. 1973-1980. Adjunct Professor, Law School, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 1970-73. Associate Professor, Human Behavior (Law and Mental Health) School of Medicine, University, Washington, D.C. 1966-1968. Supervised interdisciplinary law and mental health programs. Lecturer in Law, Howard University School of Law, Washington, D.C. (Level of Associate Professor). 1964-1967. Associate Director, in charge of Law and Human Rights Program, and Director, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Institute for Youth Studies, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 1964-67. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science; University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee. 1957-1960. Teaching Assistant, Princeton University. 1956-57. Lecturer, U.S. Army Information and Education Program. 1953-54.
Selected Professional Activities President, International Antiprohibitionist League, Brussels, Rome, New York, Washington, D.C., 2001-present
Chairman, conference on "Saving Our Children From Drug Treatment Abuse" Bethesda, Maryland, July 21 and 22, 2001. The conference is the first event in a new major project that is investigating facilities that claim to help young people deal with drug problems, but which actually cause them a great deal of emotional and physical harm. The project is organized within The Trebach Institute.
Founder and President, The Drug Policy Foundation, a non-profit, independent think tank devoted to fundamental reform of drug laws and policies in the United States and in other countries through a program of research and public information. Chaired or co-chaired ten international conferences presented by the foundation. Among other activities, assisted in conceptualizing and developing the Arizona and California medical marijuana initiatives which, in November 1996, were passed into law. 1986-1997. Expert witness and advisor, selected legal cases involving Dr. Patrick Hickey, United Kingdom. Testified in the High Court, London, May 1999. 1996-present. Member, Advisory Group, Project on "Feasibility Research Into the Controlled Availability of Opiates," National Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra. 1992-1998. Associate member, the Princeton Working Group on the Future of Drug Use and Alternatives to Drug Prohibition, which was a small assemblage of the leading drug scholars in the country performing a reassessment of American drug policy. 1992-1997. Supervised work of the Drug Policy Foundation in the suit in federal court titled Drug Policy Foundation v. McCaffrey. The foundation served as lead plaintiff. The suit against the federal government sought to prevent the use of active duty federal troops in the enforcement of civil laws during peacetime. 1991-1997. Editor-in-Chief, The Drug Policy Letter, 1990-1997. Created the publication, and led its early development. Member, Editorial Board, International Journal of Drug Policy. 1990-present. Co-counsel in medical marijuana suit that sought to make marijuana available as a medicine to people suffering from painful diseases. Began this work as a volunteer scholar-lawyer assisting NORML; then worked through the Drug Policy Foundation. 1985-1990. Co-chaired the First Conference of the International Network of Cities in Baltimore. November 16-17, 1993. Lead organizer, co-chair, and featured speaker at special Drug Policy Foundation seminar for the press at Musgrove Plantation, St. Simons Island, Georgia. May 21-23, 1993. Chaired meeting of European officials from eight cities, Drug Policy Foundation leaders, and scholars from many countries on the formation of an international network of cities seeking progressive drug policies. Rotterdam City Hall. March 16, 1993. Member, Mayor's Committee on Drug Policy, Baltimore, Maryland. In addition to serving as a member of this pioneering committee led by Mayor Kurt Schmoke, directed the work of the Drug Policy Foundation in serving as the main consultant to it. The foundation prepared a working paper for the committee which laid out a series of practical steps that the committee could consider in making recommendations for dealing with drug abuse, crime, and AIDS. 1993-94. Executive in charge of production of "America's Drug Forum." Led in the conceptualization and creation of this new television series for PBS and cable stations. Produced by the Drug Policy Foundation, America's Drug Forum dealt with most of the great issues of drug abuse and control in a balanced fashion. Thirteen shows were produced and aired in the fall of 1990; 26 were produced and aired in 1991; 11 more were produced and aired in 1992 and 1993. Many schools and colleges purchased the series and related books for classroom use. 1991-1995. Played a supportive role in the Drug Policy Foundation's successful effort in preventing an American from being sentenced to death sentence in Malaysia. The foundation's efforts resulted in a five-year sentence for Kerry Wiley, who had been charged with possession of marijuana. Wiley claimed it was for medicinal purposes. Dr. Lester Grinspoon of Harvard University Medical School, who was a foundation board member, convinced the court that marijuana has medical uses and thus Wiley's defense was plausible. The usual sentence in such cases in Malaysia is death. 1990-91. Designed, organized, and chaired a series of pioneering drug policy seminars on Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C. Invited guests included members of Congress, executive agency staff, the press, scholars and students. Forum held once a month from January to June featuring speakers from around the world. Topics considered included drug treatment, user accountability, and needle exchange programs. 1989-91. Scholar-in-Residence, Millersville University, Millersville, Pennsylvania. Appeared before numerous classes and gave public lecture. October 3-4, 1989. Expert witness and advisor to the defense in the case of Dr. Ann Dally. The case dealt with a persistent issue of medical ethics and law: the propriety of a doctor prescribing narcotic drugs to addicts. Testified in a disciplinary hearing before the General Medical Council of the United Kingdom in London. 1987. Member, Working Group on Drugs and Crime, National Research Council, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 1985-89. Consultant, Granada Television Network, England. Gave advice and was interviewed on camera regarding a series of programs on drug control and treatment. 1983 Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency. One of four academics invited to participate in the first seminar for the national narcotic intelligence community on the subject "Disrupting Heroin Supplies to the U.S.: Does It Make a Difference?" Explained more humane options to current American policy and described the British system of addiction treatment. My book, The Heroin Solution, was used as background reading for the discussions. 1983. Consultant, Concerned Citizens Drug Study and Educational Society, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Advised the society on effective approaches for continuing its opposition to the harsh aspects of Canada's drug laws, particularly searches and seizures and the improper treatment of addicts. The society includes many addicts among its membership. 1982-84. Consultant, National Institute of Justice. Periodically reviewed programs and proposals seeking government funds, primarily in drug abuse field. For example, member of three-person national review team to advise on refunding Interdisciplinary Research Center of the New York State Division of Drug Abuse. 1979-1985. Chairman, National Conference on Criminal Justice Evaluation. This was the first evaluation conference supported by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) of the United States Department of Justice. Approximately 1,200 criminal justice professionals attended the Washington conference, which included more than 30 panels offering the opportunity for critical evaluation of existing programs in all fields of the administration of justice. 1977. Program Chairman, Annual Meeting, American Society of Criminology, Toronto, Canada. October 30-November 2, 1975. Organized and directed this international meeting which attracted approximately 600 criminologists from 20 countries. Chairman, Special Action Conference on Criminal Justice Education Funding. Led, in cooperation with David J. Saari, a campaign across the country to preserve strong federal government leadership in criminal justice education, to improve legislative support of the Law Enforcement Education Program (LEEP), and to increase the quality of criminal justice education throughout the country. 1973. Consultant, Governor's Justice Commission, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. At the request of the Attorney General of the Commonwealth, assisted the Bureau of Correction in developing new rehabilitation programs. Also, assisted the Governor's Justice Commission in creation of more effective evaluative strategies for all its programs. 1971-1974. Chairman, Conference on Community Corrections, National Sheriffs' Association. Organized and ran seven intensive training workshops throughout the country, for sheriffs and local jail wardens, regarding new approaches to community corrections. 1971. Consultant, National Urban Coalition. Assisted in the writing of the chapter in Counterbudget, on new national crime control strategies and priorities; wrote the feasibility study: "Private Industries in Corrections: A Plan for Action," a report to the National Urban Coalition. 1970-71. Ford Foundation Travel-Study Fellowship. Awarded a Ford Foundation Travel-Study grant, which supported a trip to Israel, France and England to observe the criminal justice and social welfare problems in those countries. 1966. Consultant, President's Commission on Crime in the District of Columbia. Assisted in the research and writing of the section in the President’s Commission Report which recommended a new Youth Authority for the Nation's Capital. 1966-67. President, then Chairman, Board of Directors, University Research Corporation, and Co-Director, Institute for Justice and Law Enforcement. A founder of the firm and its first senior-executive officer. Led in the early development and growth of the firm to a position of prominence in the field of "social problem" consulting. The firm was a for-profit corporation, which had several nonprofit organizations associated with it. Directly supervised research and educational programs in the administration of justice. This required extensive travel throughout the country, from Florida to north of the Arctic Circle in Alaska, observing day-to-day realities of criminal justice and social welfare problems. Responsible for programs that provided technical assistance, new forms of education and training, and research services to these agencies. 1965-69. Chief Consultant on the Administration of Justice, White House Conference on Civil Rights. Directly supervised the creation of strategies for operating this conference, in particular those sections dealing with crime, justice, and the elimination of racial discrimination. 1965-66. Administrator, National Defender Project, National Legal Aid and Defender Association; American Bar Center, Chicago, Illinois. Directly responsible for administering the program, supported by a $4.3-million Ford Foundation grant, aimed at improving defense services for the poor by establishing demonstration projects in communities throughout the country. This project required approximately 40 technical assistance trips and speeches to Bar Association and Defender Services throughout the country. Established and wrote the Defender Newsletter, which provided analyses of new cases and techniques regarding defense services for the poor. 1963-64. Chief, Administration of Justice Section, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, an agency within the Executive Office of the President of the United States. Directed field investigations, hearings, legal research and writing activities of section, especially the 1963 Justice Report of the Commission. Primary concerns were racially motivated violence in the administration of justice and the enforcement of the federal civil rights statutes by the Department of Justice, including the FBI. The Justice Report was quoted favorably by the Supreme Court. It also contained the most critical commentary of the FBI from inside the government while J. Edgar Hoover was alive. Among other things, this resulted in frequent visits to me by inquisitive FBI agents. 1960-63. Consultant, Special Committee to Study Defender Systems. A joint committee of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York and of the National Legal Aid and Defender Association, it published a major report in book form, titled Equal Justice for the Accused. 1956. Confidential Investigator, Administrative Office of the Courts of New Jersey. 1955. Conducted a study of legal aid for Chief Justice Arthur T. Vanderbilt. Practicing Attorney, Boston, Massachusetts. 1951-1952. General legal practice. Admitted to the Massachusetts Bar on November 1, 1951; thus have been a lawyer for half a century.
Selected Publications
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Alex Wodak Letter
Danny
Sugarman Letter
John Rayburn Letter
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